Advancements in Solid-State Batteries for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review
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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63503/j.ijssic.2025.88Keywords:
Solid-state batteries, Electric vehicles, Energy density, Interfacial engineering, Sustainable energy storageAbstract
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have emerged as a pivotal innovation in energy storage, poised to overcome the limitations of conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). By replacing flammable liquid electrolytes with solid alternatives, SSBs offer transformative improvements in safety, energy density, and cycle life, addressing critical barriers to EV scalability. Recent advancements in solid electrolyte materials—including oxide ceramics, sulfide glasses, and polymer composites (e.g., PEO-LiTFSI with nanofillers)—have achieved ionic conductivities rivalling liquid electrolytes (>10⁻³ S/cm), while enabling the integration of high-capacity lithium-metal anodes (3860 mAh/g) and high-voltage cathodes (e.g., NMC811). Breakthroughs in interfacial engineering, such as artificial solid-electrolyte interphases (SEI) and 3D electrode architectures, have mitigated dendrite growth and interfacial resistance, enhancing cycle stability (>80% capacity retention after 800 cycles). However, challenges persist in scalability, cost-effective manufacturing, and long-term durability under high current densities (>5 mA/cm²). Industry leaders like Toyota, Quantum Scape, and CATL are advancing prototypes with energy densities exceeding 500 Wh/kg and targeting commercialization by 2027–2030, supported by hybrid solid-liquid designs and roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques. Parallel advancements in computational tools, including AI-driven material discovery, are accelerating the optimization of electrolyte compositions and interfacial coatings. Policy initiatives, such as the U.S. Department of Energy’s $200M investment in SSB research and global partnerships, are fostering innovation, while sustainability efforts focus on recyclability and reducing reliance on critical materials (e.g., cobalt, germanium). This review synthesizes interdisciplinary progress in SSB technology, highlighting the synergy between materials science, engineering, and industry collaboration needed to achieve mass production. By addressing technical bottlenecks and aligning with decarbonization goals, SSBs are positioned to redefine EV performance, enabling safer, longer-range vehicles and a sustainable energy future.
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